As an architect, my appreciation for modern Saudi architecture is immense. This unique architectural style seamlessly blends history and innovation, creating a captivating visual language. Let’s delve into the different phases and influences that have shaped modern Saudi architecture to what it is today.
To better comprehend its evolution, here are the key factors that have contributed to the formation of modern Saudi architecture:
- Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods – These eras laid the foundation for architectural designs that would stand the test of time.
- Rise of Islamic Architecture – This period marked intense cultural and artistic evolution, significantly impacting architectural aesthetics.
- Ottoman and Persian Influences – Various foreign influences further diversified the architectural landscape in Saudi Arabia.
- Cultural and Environmental Factors – The unique cultural heritage and harsh climatic conditions have played a profound role in shaping the architectural style.
- Transition to Modern Architecture – The progression into modernism initiated much-needed urban development in terms of architecture.
- Saudi Vision 2030’s Architectural Influence – This vision brings a new wave of contemporary designs aiming for a sustainable future.
The above points form an overview of the path leading towards modern Saudi architecture.
A Closer Look at Modern Saudi Architecture
The advent of oil economy has greatly transformed the country’s urban layout, with modern skyscrapers now dominating the skyline amidst historical structures.
The focus has been on sustainable construction, leading to an increase in green buildings and promoting environmental stewardship.
The Saudi Vision 2030 aims to diversify architecture similar to its economy, encouraging innovative designs while preserving cultural heritage.
These transformative efforts have created a uniquely Saudi style of architecture that is a fascinating amalgamation of history and modernity.
Contents
- Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods
- Rise of Islamic Architecture
- Influence of Ottoman and Persian Styles
- Cultural and Environmental Influences
- Transcending into Modern Architecture
- Post-Oil Boom Urban Development
- Saudi Vision 2030’s Architectural Influence
- Green Building and Environmental Stewardship
- Saudi’s Architectural Elegance
Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Periods
The Arabian Peninsula, the cradle of Saudi Arabia, boasts ages of rich history.
It served as a vital trade center in ancient times.
Agriculture developed as climate forced humans to innovate.
With agriculture came civilization and the arts, including architecture.
Period | Influences | Examples |
---|---|---|
Pre-Islamic | Agriculture, Trade Centers | Pottery Designs, Stone Structures |
Early Islamic | New Religions, Trade Flourishing | Mosques, Traditional Houses |
Golden Age | Cultural Exchanges, Scientific Advances | Schools, Hospitals |
Post-Islamic Empire | Pilgrims’ Influence, Arab Writings | Sculptures, Paintings |
Modern Times | Saudi Arabia’s Global Presence | Futuristic Architecture |
This overview demonstrates the transformation of Saudi architecture over the centuries. |
As a hotspot, Saudi Arabia absorbed various influences shaping its architectural landscape.
Rise of Islamic Architecture
The development of Muslim architecture represents the evolution of a unique cultural identity. This transition was facilitated by eminent scholars and influential figures like Raja’ b. Haywah and ‘Umar II.
Islamic architecture flourished as an integral part of Islamic civilization, continually steered by the intellectual elite. It balanced religious ideologies with aesthetic expression, embodying the spirit of ijtihad or independent judgment.
Architectural Evolution and Identity
At times, architectural trends mirrored the concept of ijma’ – the universal agreement of the Muslim community led by scholars. An illustration is ‘Umar II’s view of the Umayyad Mosque as a significant milestone in the progression of Muslim architecture.
The Interplay: Pragmatism and Idealism
However, these advancements brought challenges—especially within mosque decoration, leading to deviations that strained the balance between spiritual intent and stylistic expression. ‘Umar II was cognizant of this inevitable tension.
Faith Embodied in Architecture
His fluid views and actions catered to Quranic directives, the Prophet’s sunnah, and changing socio-cultural dynamics. He believed in the need for architectural styles to evolve naturally based on intrinsic principles.
Influence of Ottoman and Persian Styles
The shift in Turkish orthography during the Ataturk era brought significant transformations, particularly in architecture.
This period ushered a blend of Turkish, Persian, and Arabic influences, as seen in Ottoman Turkish.
The intent of language reform was not only to purify Turkic vocabulary but also to shape the architectural landscape.
A Blend Yet Unique
Ottoman Turkish was a fascinating mix. It adopted Turkish grammar while welcoming Arabic and Persian loanwords.
Thus, the Ottoman and Persian imprint on Saudi architecture became evident.
New Alphabet, Enduring Influence
The introduction of the Latin alphabet in 1928 reduced these influences but failed to eliminate them entirely.
Modern Saudi architecture may have ‘Turkified’ its vocabulary yet the old-world charm remains intrinsic.
The Effort to ‘Turkify’
Efforts were directed towards creating a new Turkish dictionary and reinforcing vernacular influences in architecture.
However, even with the banning of foreign words, the heritage and richness embedded in traditional styles prevailed.
Thus, modern Saudi architecture is often seen as an artistic reconciliation between tradition and progress.
A tangible testament to this is the unabated influence of Ottoman and Persian styles that still resonates today.
Cultural and Environmental Influences
The population of Saudi Arabia has long been a mix of nomadic people, villagers, and locals living in towns. Amongst this diversity, Islamic traditions and Bedouin ideals hold sway.
These societal elements emphasize the crucial roles of family, respect for authority, and hospitality.
Artistic expression in the region for centuries often mirrored ancient forms up until the 18th-century. Then strict Wahhābī religious views curbed any form of intellectual deviation from orthodox positions.
- The advent of the petroleum industry opened up exposure to external influences like Western architectural styles, clothes, and furnishings.
- Local artisans faced increased competition from imported goods as globalization took hold.
- Music and dance, integral facets of Saudi life, became avenues for cultural expression.
- Native poetry or nabaṭī, popular among Bedouins, also flourished alongside classical qaṣīdah.
The visual arts predominantly feature abstract designs, geometrical patterns, floral motifs and calligraphy – a refined and scholarly venture.
Saudi’s traditional architecture doesn’t provide much variety with crenellated walls and decorative designs on windows and doors being its typical features.
The wave of change that swept over Saudi in the 1960s brought stark linear architectural motifs into popularity in residential and office buildings. However, the grand airport terminals in Jeddah and Riyadh stand as testimony to the enduring value of traditional styles. More about this shift in influence can be read here.
Amidst these changes the government of Saudi Arabia has been proactive in promoting sports and athletics by constructing recreational facilities across major urban areas.
The country also participates in international events like the Summer Games and the Asian Games implying a modern inclination towards physical fitness and international cooperation.
Transcending into Modern Architecture
The architecture of Saudi Arabia has always been a fascinating blend of traditional and modern styles.
But, the onward march of time has seen an increasing transition into contemporary designs.
Recent examples from around the world can provide some inspiration.
Take for instance the Triangle House by Artefact Studio, built in 2024.
A unique collaboration with manufacturers such as Concept Béton Design and JØTUL resulted in this unparalleled design.
Another noteworthy project is La Cime Chalet by NatureHumaine.
This stunning design was completed in 2024 as well, showcasing the continuous evolution of architectural aesthetics.
Nurturing Eco-Awareness in High-Rise Structures
The International High-Rise Award 2024/25 highlighted some significant projects.
A total of 31 projects from five continents were nominated, each showcasing their unique appeal.
The objective was to highlight good practices in mixed-use high-rises, signifying a global trend towards eco-awareness.
Innovation in Renovation
The RSHP’s transformation of Victorian Gasholders into a residential hub is another landmark project to note.
Situated in London, this project showcases how existing structures can be repurposed effectively.
Saudi Arabia and Beyond
Moving beyond Saudi Arabia, there are many more international examples that constitute the essence of modern architecture.
From Bindloss Dawes’ renovated Old School House in Pitcombe to Franz&Sue’s high-rise residential development in Nordbahnhof.
Each architect has brought a unique perspective and innovative approach to their respective projects.
Despite geographical differences, the common thread running through all these projects is an evident shift towards modern, sustainable architecture.
These progressive trends are influencing architectural designs in Saudi Arabia as well, heralding an exciting new era.
Post-Oil Boom Urban Development
The trend of urban development has taken a favorable turn in Saudi Arabia, thanks to mixed-use development projects.
Aimed at creating lifestyle-friendly structures, these projects seamlessly integrate various functions within one area.
This innovative approach prioritizes placemaking and sustainability. It is an important step forward in creating diversified, future-proofed property assets.
- Mixed-use development is transformative: It brings together residential, commercial, and institutional entities in one cohesive unit.
- It maximizes space: These projects often combine single-use buildings with mixed-use developments, resulting in optimal utilization of land.
- Sustainability is a priority: Urban mixed-use developments incorporate important climate mitigation strategies like sun shading and stormwater runoff control.
The success of such developments depends greatly on maintaining a harmonious balance. They should work well together, interact favourably, and contribute to the creation of a solid society that offers a comprehensive range of services.
By fostering a community-centric lifestyle, mixed-use developments speak to an increasing demand for integrated living and working environments.
Developers today are focusing more on environment-friendly transportation options as part of these projects. This is in response to the changing attitudes towards vehicle ownership.
The aim is not only to address present concerns but to usher in sustainable influences for the future. Such projects embody a forward-thinking approach that caters to both present and future generations.
Saudi Vision 2030’s Architectural Influence
The ambitious Saudi Vision 2030 aims to radically transform the kingdom’s architectural landscape.
As an integral part of this forward-thinking initiative, the focus is on fostering economic growth and job creation while emphasizing the nation’s unique location and potential.
Delivering top-notch architectural designs that incorporate innovative solutions is crucial in attracting global talent and investment.
- Prioritizing youth skills: Architectural designs are envisaged to nurture young talent, with structures reflecting their dynamic energy.
- Economic city restructuring: Impressive edifices and living spaces will be the hallmark of the newly structured cities.
- Deregulating the energy market: Investment in sustainable, energy-efficient designs is a cornerstone of this vision.
- SMEs Registration: The design industry sees an uptick as shown by a record 1.27 million SMEs registering their trade in 2023.
The Vision also serves as a platform for diversifying the employment sector to ensure sustainability in the architectural field.
A most noteworthy achievement is the significant decrease in Saudi unemployment from 12.3% in 2016 to 8.6% in Q3 of 2023.
The increase in Saudi women’s workforce participation from 17% in 2017 to 35.9% in Q3 of 2023 also demonstrates progress, with several women taking up careers as architects.
Beyond job creation, Saudi Vision 2030 places a strong emphasis on aesthetic value and cultural preservation.
- Saudi Heritage Sites: Number increased from four in 2016 to seven in 2023, reflecting a commitment to preserving architectural heritage.
- Umrah performers: Facilities were upgraded to accommodate the rise from 6.2 million in 2016 to over 13.5 million in 2023.
- Haramain high-speed train: This modern marvel connects Jeddah airport with the Holy Sites, signaling a new era for transportation.
- Royal Nature Reserves: Seven reserves created to protect their unique native species, housing eco-friendly architectural designs.
This transition towards modern yet culturally respectful design is expected to boost the kingdom’s global image and tourist appeal.
Green Building and Environmental Stewardship
Green Building, in my perspective, is about building responsibly with an eye for the environment. This method focuses on energy efficiency and aims to strike a minimal impact on the natural world.
These buildings aim to be resource-efficient, cutting down on wastage. Moreover, they work towards reducing emissions of climate change-contributing gases.
Defining Green Buildings
A clear cut definition for green building can be elusive. However, there are certain characteristics that these buildings usually exhibit. They are typically energy-efficient, which directly affects a building’s carbon footprint.
The word “sustainable” is often used interchangeably with “green,” especially in residential construction in the U.S. and Canada.
Sustainability in Practice
Sustainability adheres to the three Ps: People, Planet, and Profits. This means that green values include not harming biodiversity, protecting habitats, particularly those of endangered species, and preventing actions that might lead to species extinction.
Green buildings share these values and strive to embody them in their construction and operation.
The Balance of Profit
In reference to sustainable business practice, profit isn’t bad. It’s an essential part of running a successful business. As my father always said “if you’re not making a profit you’re not really in business.”
The challenge lies in generating profits whilst respecting ethical commitments to the community and the planet. That’s what elevates business to sustainability.
Saudi’s Architectural Elegance
Modern Saudi architecture expertly blends tradition with innovation, crafting an awe-inspiring cityscape. Its unique designs are rooted in cultural heritage yet embrace modern aspects to create structures that are both functional and aesthetic. This approach has transformed the architectural landscape of Saudi Arabia, making it a prominent figure on the global stage.